1920s Weight Loss Secrets (Calories, Candy, and Cigarettes) | Ep 360
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Diet culture emerged in the 1920s, when calorie counting was invented, cigarettes were marketed as weight loss aids, and thinness became associated with moral virtue for the first time in American history.
Discover how the birth of modern diet culture 100 years ago created patterns we're still repeating today.
Main Takeaways:
Dr. Lulu Hunt Peters invented calorie counting in 1918, selling 2+ million copies of the first diet bestseller
Lucky Strike's "Reach for a Lucky instead of a sweet" campaign increased cigarette sales 300% by targeting weight-conscious women
The moral dimension of dieting (connecting food choices to character and virtue) started in the 1920s and persists today
Bizarre 1920s fads (grapefruit diets, tapeworm pills, vibrating belts) reveal humanity's eternal search for effortless weight loss shortcuts
Energy balance remains the core principle, but now we understand the many other nutrition and lifestyle components that matter
The desire for quick fixes is deeply human but misleading... sustainable success comes from embracing fundamentals
Episode Resources:
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Timestamps:
2:37 - Dr. Lulu Hunt Peters, calorie counting pioneer
6:42 - Cigarettes vs. sweets campaign
9:30 - Bizarre 1920s fads (grapefruit diet, tapeworms, and vibrating belts)
12:44 - What the 1920s got right about weight loss
15:18 - 3 major mistakes that persist today
19:17 - Why we still seek the same quick fixes 100 years later
22:21 - Sustainable fundamentals vs. magic solutions
1920s Weight Loss Fads That Still Shape Diet Culture Today
Imagine a world where eating a candy bar was a moral failing, and lighting a cigarette was seen as a healthy choice. That was America in the 1920s. Diet culture was just being born, with calorie counting, bizarre fad diets, and aggressive marketing from both candy and tobacco companies. Some of these ideas were effective in their own way, while others were dangerous or downright absurd. Many still influence how we think about food and body weight today.
The Birth of Calorie Counting
In 1918, Dr. Lulu Hunt Peters published Diet and Health with Key to the Calories, the first diet book to become a national bestseller. Peters had struggled with her weight and flipped the scientific concept of the calorie from a tool to prevent malnutrition into a method for eating less.
Instead of saying “one slice of bread,” Peters wrote “100 calories of bread.” She taught women how to calculate their ideal weight and daily calorie needs, and allowed them to eat whatever they wanted as long as it fit within their calorie budget. This was the beginning of food tracking as a weight loss strategy, and it worked for the same reason it works today: awareness and accountability around energy balance.
However, Peters also tied thinness to morality, self-control, and even patriotism during wartime. Being overweight was framed not only as unhealthy but also as unpatriotic and morally suspect. This moralizing of food choices remains a damaging undercurrent in diet culture today.
Cigarettes as a Diet Aid
As beauty standards shifted toward the slender “flapper” figure, the tobacco industry saw an opportunity. In 1925, the American Tobacco Company launched the now-infamous “Reach for a Lucky Instead of a Sweet” campaign for Lucky Strike cigarettes. The ads featured slim women and claimed smoking could help avoid fattening sweets.
The results were dramatic. Sales tripled in five years, and the percentage of women smokers in the U.S. jumped from 6% to over 15%. The campaign cemented the association between smoking and weight control, an idea that persisted for decades.
Candy Fights Back
Not everyone welcomed this new “diet aid.” The National Confectioners Association accused Lucky Strike of spreading dangerous misinformation and argued that candy was part of a balanced diet. The Federal Trade Commission eventually forced tobacco companies to soften their claims, but the damage was done. Millions of women had taken up smoking in the name of staying thin.
Extreme and Strange Fad Diets
The 1920s and 1930s were full of other questionable approaches. The grapefruit diet promised fat-burning enzymes, but in reality kept people on extremely low-calorie meal plans. Even more disturbing were tapeworm pills, marketed with the claim that ingesting a parasite could help you lose weight without changing your eating habits.
Mechanical “reducing salons” were also popular. These featured vibrating belts, electrical stimulation devices, and massaging rollers, all promising to shake the fat away.
What They Got Right and Wrong
Peters’ emphasis on calorie awareness was a major breakthrough, and her flexible approach meant people could eat a variety of foods without banning entire food groups. The problem was the reductionist focus on calories alone, ignoring nutrient quality, protein intake, and satiety.
Moralizing food choices was another lasting mistake. Linking body size to personal virtue still leads to guilt, shame, and unhealthy relationships with food. The 1920s also marked the rise of dangerous quick fixes, from cigarettes to starvation diets, and the belief that weight loss should be effortless if you just found the right trick.
Lessons for Today
Many of the same patterns are still with us. Modern diet products and “miracle” plans often make the same promises as 1920s fads, just with updated branding. The human desire for shortcuts has not changed, but we now have the scientific knowledge to do better.
We know that sustainable fat loss and muscle gain come from combining sound nutrition, adequate protein, strength training, good sleep, and stress management. The fundamentals are not glamorous, but they work. Calorie tracking can still be a valuable tool, but it should be combined with a focus on food quality, overall health, and building habits that last.
The history of diet culture shows that while technology, fashion, and marketing evolve, the core challenges remain the same. By understanding where we have been, we can avoid repeating the same mistakes and focus on strategies that actually support health and performance for the long term.
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Transcript
Philip Pape: 0:02
Keep a candy bar in your pocket and you are committing a moral crime. Light a cigarette instead and you're making a smart health choice. That was America in 1925, when weight loss meant counting calories, resisting sweets and turning to tobacco companies for nutrition advice. Today, you're going to discover in a very fun episode how the first diet bestseller in history revolutionized eating by reducing food to simple math, why cigarette companies waged war against candy manufacturers in the name of slimness, and the bizarre lengths people went to to lose weight from grape-only diets to swallowing parasites. These aren't just quirky footnotes from history. The echoes of 1920s diet culture still shape how we think about food, willpower and our bodies today.
Philip Pape: 1:00
Welcome to Wits and Weights, the show that helps you build a strong, healthy physique using evidence, engineering and efficiency. I'm your host, certified nutrition coach and historian, philip Pape, because today we're traveling back to the roaring 20s this is 100 years ago to look at the birth of modern diet culture. I thought this would be fun because I'm a huge fan of history and I wanted to see what has stuck with us till today. I'm a huge fan of history and I wanted to see what has stuck with us till today. What has kind of was insane back then. That doesn't exist, and also what practices were used that are still used, just maybe in a different way. When it comes to the fitness industry and marketing and diet culture, we go back a century, to when Americans discovered calorie counting, when cigarettes were used as diet aids and the pursuit of thinness first became fashionable and even patriotic. We're gonna look at what worked, what failed and why. Understanding history because, as they say, those who understand history, who do not understand history, are doomed to repeat it. Why this might save you from repeating the same mistakes when we look at the context and reflect on the choices that are great or great great grandparents made. All right, before we get into this, if you want to come into the modern age and understand what does work for nutrition nothing fancy, no tricks, no lose weight quick schemes I have a guide that is really popular. It's called Nutrition 101 for Body Composition and it tells you how to set everything up for fat loss or muscle building. It gets you started. If you've never done this before or you want a refresher, you can get a free copy by clicking the link in the show notes or go to whitsawaitscom slash free for the Nutrition 101 for Body Composition guide.
Philip Pape: 2:37
All right, let's get into the fun today and begin our story way back in 1918 with Dr Lulu Hunt Peters, a woman who would, unknowingly at the time, reshape how America thinks about food. Even that's stuck with us to this day Now. Peters was a doctor or physician in California. She struggled with weight her entire life. That we can all identify with. At her heaviest she was like 220 pounds, and in the early 1900s that we can all identify with. At her heaviest she was like 220 pounds, and in the early 1900s that was an outlier that made her stand out dramatically. This is a society that was just beginning to shift away from viewing plumpness as a sign of prosperity. We're aware of that. How in some cultures, even today, but definitely in the past, saw being heavier as a sign of wealth and prosperity. And Peter revolutionized weight loss 100 years ago by doing something nobody had thought of before.
Philip Pape: 3:30
She took the scientific concept of the calorie, which researchers used at the time to study malnutrition and make sure people got enough energy, and she reversed the purpose Instead of using calories to help people eat enough, she used them to help people eat less. And she wrote a book which you can still find copies of it online. It's called Diet and Health with Key to the Calories, and it was the first diet book to hit the bestseller list. We are talking about a woman who sold over two million copies at a time when there were no podcasts, there was no social media, there was no Amazon. There was no social media, there was no Amazon, there was no Barnes and Noble, it was just word of mouth, newspaper columns, and her book stayed in the top 10 bestsellers from 1922 to 1926. And it was number one for two years straight.
Philip Pape: 4:16
Peters turned food into math right, which that appeals to me as an engineer, and it's a lot of what we talk about when we talk about being data-driven. Instead of saying, you know, eat one slice of bread, she'd say, eat 100 calories of bread. She created formulas to calculate what she called ideal weight and daily calorie needs, where women could eat whatever they wanted as long as they stayed within their calorie budget. So what does that sound like? It sounds like if it fits your macros, doesn't it? And I don't mean that as a criticism either. It's more of okay, interesting, different way to think about it. Rather than quantities of food, it's energy levels of food in terms of calories, and that's still what we do today. When we talk about tracking your food with an app like Macrofactor, right, you're just measuring the calories and macros. So Peter's literally invented calorie tracking as a weight loss strategy and, just like today, it worked because it created awareness and accountability around the thing that matters when it comes to gaining and losing weight, and that's energy balance, and we're going to add nuance to this. And why? That's not the only thing, of course, before you get your hackles raised too much, just stick with me.
Philip Pape: 5:19
So Peters was. She was teaching nutrition, but she was also selling what you might call a moral philosophy because of how she framed dieting. She said it was a patriotic duty, and this was during World War I. She said that hoarding food in your body was as unpatriotic as hoarding food in your pantry and connected thinness to self-control, to modernity, to virtue, where being overweight wasn't just unhealthy, it was morally suspect. Okay, and that's the part we can question and that is stuck with us to today. The moral dimension of dieting, the idea that what you eat reflects your character, started at that time. So that is the big black mark that we're going to come back to in this episode. You know there's good and bad right, somebody who can do a great thing and also set us up for failure for years to come.
Philip Pape: 6:09
So at the time that she was teaching the country to count calories, we have the tobacco industry. Okay, and the tobacco industry was all about marketing. They saw opportunity in the 20s because the beauty standards were changing. You had the flapper look Go, google it Like the roaring 20s, the flappers. That flapper look, having a boyish figure was more fashionable for women. Women were looking for more ways to stay thin. It was all part of a new dieting culture. It was not something that started in the 80s. This started in the 1920s.
Philip Pape: 6:42
So we have George Washington Hill, president of the American Tobacco Company, and he owned Lucky Strike Cigarettes, very famous brand. Back then. In 1925, he launched what would become one of the most successful and controversial ad campaigns in history. Quote reach for a lucky instead of a sweet, reach for a lucky instead. We're talking about cigarettes, guys. And so there wasn't subtle marketing. It was like they were positioning cigarettes as a diet aid. Their ads had slim, elegant women. They promised that smoking would help you avoid the temptation of fattening sweets. So it's kind of like a, a habit swab, if you will like, instead of a sweet, you can have this cigarette in your mouth. They hired celebrities for endorsements. They claimed that something like over 20,000 physicians endorsed their cigarettes as less irritating to the throat. Right, we know later on things like menthol and all these positive associations with this. This wonderful cigarette came along in the marketing, but it was really successful because their sales skyrocketed by. I think they like tripled in one year because of this campaign. They went from 14 billion cigarettes in 1925 to 40 billion in 1930 and became the number one cigarette brand because of this focus on being slim.
Philip Pape: 7:55
And then so then we have another health health segment the confectionery industry, the candy industry right, so cigarettes and candy, right, the National Confectioners Association. They threatened legal action, arguing that candy was part of a balanced diet and that Lucky Strike was spreading dangerous misinformation. So look, we even had social media wars back then. Before social media, we had candy manufacturers arguing for nutritional balance and you had tobacco companies promoting cigarettes as health aids. And it sounds so absurd today if it weren't so harmful and long-lasting in the history of this country.
Philip Pape: 8:35
So eventually, the Federal Trade Commission, the FTC, they stepped in. They forced Lucky Strike to tone down their marketing and by 1930, their ads had disclaimers that said they didn't claim smoking would reduce weight or flesh or whatever, but that, rather than reaching for a cigarette instead of overindulging would help maintain a quote modern, graceful form. Lucky Strike had at that point successfully associated cigarettes with weight control in the mind of the public and anybody who's older than maybe a teenager, and probably, if you're a teenager, you're aware of the association between smoking and being thin. It's been around for a long time and the percentage of women smokers in America jumped from 6% in 1924 to over 15% by 1929, right, that's millions of new women smokers, probably most of them motivated by concerns about their weight. So you see how this is all coming together.
Philip Pape: 9:30
So while Peters was teaching calorie counting and Lucky Strike was pushing cigarettes, the overall diet industry was getting really creative with their marketing in a way that, like modern influencers, would probably admire, I'll just say, to put it cynically. So I'll give you an example the grapefruit diet. It was also known as the Hollywood diet or the 18 day diet. It emerged in the thirties. It had its root, I guess, in the late twenties, but emerged in the thirties. It required eating a whole grapefruit with every meal and the theory was that grapefruit contained special enzymes that could burn fat. But what ended up happening is people would have a very low calorie diet of like five to 800 calories per day of just eating a grapefruit as a meal. Right, that was one diet.
Philip Pape: 10:16
There was another one called that involved tapeworm pills. This is crazy. Advertisements at the time promoted pills containing tapeworm eggs, gross. The idea was that you would swallow the pill, the tapeworm would hatch in your intestines and then it would eat some of your food. For you. I hope I didn't lose you with how disgusting that is. You didn't even have to have portion control. You didn't have to have Ozempic, just eat a tapeworm egg and let the parasites do the work. So historians that are looking back at this in my research they debate whether the pills even contain tapeworms. Maybe they were just a scam, but the point is people were willing to intentionally ingest, you know, tapeworm eggs and infest themselves with parasites just to lose weight.
Philip Pape: 11:01
And then you had all the mechanical solutions that we laugh about. You had salons that were called reducing salons that popped up and they had vibrating belts. They had the electrical muscle stimulation. They had wooden barrel massagers. All of them promised to shake that fat right off your body. Women would pay to be strapped into a contraption that would jiggle them into slimness, all right. So when we look back from the modern perspective, what did the 20s get right? Because I think it's important to kind of look at both sides.
Philip Pape: 11:32
Hey, this is Philip, and before we continue, I want to talk about cookware. We all love to make our own food. I love nonstick pans. The problem is I've avoided them for years because when they get scratched, when they get heated, they can release microplastics, pfas small particles that can accumulate over time in the body and some studies have shown them to be linked to health issues. If you're optimizing your nutrition and making lots of food for you and your family at home, it doesn't make sense to compromise that with questionable cookware. So that's why I was interested when Chef's Foundry, who is sponsoring this episode, showed me their questionable cookware. So that's why I was interested when Chef's Foundry, who is sponsoring this episode, showed me their ceramic cookware. It's called the P600 and uses Swiss-engineered ceramic coating which has no Teflon, no PFAS, no plastic components. It is nonstick, it works on all stovetops, it goes straight into the oven All the things you need if you're trying to cook a lot of your meals at home. Right now you can get the P600 at 50% off by going to witsandweightscom slash chefs foundry. You'll also get a bunch of accessories with that. There's a whole page that explains what you'll get for that discounted 50% off. Go to witsandweightscom slash chefs foundry or click the link in the show notes. All right, let's get back to the show.
Philip Pape: 12:44
So we go back to Peters, who created the book. Her core insight about energy balance that was obviously important. That was spot on. Calories in versus calories out is still the fundamental principle of managing weight. And her emphasis on tracking, on awareness that was actually pretty revolutionary at the time and it's still the foundation of a dieting or a food awareness approach today. When it comes to tracking, some would argue that there's many other ways to do it and it comes down to psychology and this and that, but it's an important foundational concept. She also understood something many people today forget and that is you have to make sustainable changes you can live with long term. Because she didn't ban food groups, she didn't require you to do anything exotic with your recipes. She had a very practical and flexible approach. So those are good things right Now.
Philip Pape: 13:30
What about all the things they got wrong? Because that's pretty much where it ends. First is the what I call reductionist approach to nutrition, where you're only focusing on calories right, peter's, only focused on calories and you're not thinking about food quality and nutrient density and adequate vitamins and minerals, where you could technically follow such a plan and eat nothing but junk food, just like the podcast I just did, the all junk food diet versus clean eating right, it's that same thought. And you could eat nothing but candy and you could quote unquote lose weight. But you're gonna have a lot of other problems, right? And the same mistake shows up today with the misnamed if it fits your macros approaches. And so I want to say it that way, because if it fits your macros itself has been bastardized to mean not what it was originally intended, but we think of it often as just ignoring food quality eating whatever you want as long as it fits your macros, right. But we know that nutrition quality matters for your health, for your satiety and for the sustainability of your diet. So that's the first one. Is that reductionist approach.
Philip Pape: 14:30
The second problem from back then that sticks with us today is moralizing food choices, because they turned eating into a moral issue at the time, tying it to the war, where thin represented virtue and self-control, where overweight represented weakness and lack of character. And we still see that today. Right, not just the moralization of food I've talked that to death in other episodes and even the idea of cheat meals, but the idea that it's about willpower and discipline and that you are failing if you're not able to do this. The third thing is that the willingness to embrace dangerous quick fixes right, the cigarette, the tapeworm examples. I know they're extreme, but they were happening, especially the cigarettes. You know that mindset is still with us today.
Philip Pape: 15:18
The belief that there must be a hack, a shortcut, a secret that makes weight loss effortless. Right, we see that in detox teas, fat-burning supplements, extreme elimination diets. The products change over the years, but the underlying promise is the same that you can bypass the fundamentals of energy balance because that's not going to work for you, right? No, no, no, that's not going to work for you. No, I don't need to change my behavior, I just need the right product, the right shortcut.
Philip Pape: 15:41
So what we're really looking at here is the birth of diet culture as we know it today, before this decade we're talking about before the 20s being plump, being bigger, being full. It was often seen as desirable, it was a sign of health and prosperity, and it was the 1920s that created the modern association we still have between thinness and virtue, health, social status. And it happened for a few reasons. The first I already mentioned the flapper fashion that required that boyish, slender figure. World War I normalized restriction and rationing, and so it became easier to frame food limitation as a noble thing. You had the rise of mass media and advertising. That created new ways to sell products by making people dissatisfied with their bodies what we would call today a pain point.
Philip Pape: 16:30
And, probably most importantly, the 20s marked the moment when weight became seen as something completely under individual control, this calorie counting that Peters came up with. It suggested if you had enough knowledge and willpower, you could achieve any body size you wanted. And although this was kind of revolutionary, it was also problematic, as we see today, because it places the entire burden of weight management on individual choices, ignoring all the things that affect those choices, like genetics, hormones, environment, dozens of other factors that influence your metabolism and ultimately, yes, calorie balance and your body weight. But they might have upstream causes that then affect your, let's say, ability to make those choices. So we're still dealing with those consequences of the mental shift today.
Philip Pape: 17:20
When someone is struggling with their weight, right, we assume they're not trying hard enough or they don't have enough information, rather than recognizing this complex interplay of factors involved. I mean, consider just genetics alone, brain-related genes and appetite, and how powerful that can be when combined with the modern food environment. So all of these bizarre methods, all of these dangerous products, you know, we can look at them from afar and say, oh, that's insane. What were they thinking? But the challenge that people faced back then was the same one we face today. Right, we are still human beings and we still want to balance enjoying food and social eating with maintaining a healthy body weight in an environment that makes it very, very easy to overconsume. And that's why I think it goes beyond just energy balance. Energy balance is the downstream effect of many, many upstream causes.
Philip Pape: 18:08
Calorie counting does work, or tracking, I should say tracking your food works because it creates awareness and it creates structure. The cigarette ads were successful because they offered an alternative to food-based pleasure. The weird fad diets provided clear rules and a sense of control. Right, and so none of these were perfect solutions. They were attempts to solve a problem that industrialization and food abundance had created, that never existed before.
Philip Pape: 18:37
And so what's different today right now, in this moment, in 2025, is we have the scientific knowledge to do this well, to do this much better. We understand protein's role in do this much better. We understand protein's role in satiety and muscle. We know strength training increases your metabolic capacity, resilience and health. We understand the importance of sleep and stress management, having a healthy relationship with food, how important that is, as well as sustainability. But somehow we are still drawn to the same types of solutions that our great-grandparents fell for. We still look for the magic food, the secret supplement, the perfect workout that's going to make everything effortless. So the 1920s do teach us something important. That's why I made this episode.
Philip Pape: 19:17
The desire for quick fixes and simple solutions is deeply human, but also deeply misleading, because when you succeed, it's because you embrace fundamentals and principles that make it sustainable long-term, so that you can keep doing the thing long past getting some intermediate result. Peters, going back to again the author, she succeeded not because of a magic solution, but because she created a system for managing energy balance. It was a good start from that perspective, not from the other stuff she did regarding moralizing the food and moralizing being skinny, the people who fell for the cigarette ads and the tapeworm pills. They were looking for the quick fix instead of doing the work. And again, I'm not saying any one of these is 100%. One way or the other.
Philip Pape: 20:06
There's little bits and pieces we can take from history. There's lots of it we throw away, and what's left, we see how it holds up through the scientific method and through experimentation. So today we still have these magic pills. It might be intermittent fasting or keto or a carnivore diet or whatever new detox or other trend that promises to make weight management effortless. Obviously, we have now the weight loss medications, which I hesitate to put that exactly in the same category, even though the, let's say, certain type of person that might be seeking it out to avoid doing the lifestyle changes might fall under this category, as opposed to someone who's like you know what I want to do both. I understand the value of both, and one is a tool and one is a system I need to put in place.
Philip Pape: 20:47
Either way, the underlying appeal is the same that there's a shortcut around the fundamental work of building healthy habits. Not that, not that you have to have willpower and make certain choices necessarily, but just we have to find a way to make it so that you can make those choices, if that makes sense. So the problem is, what works is not exciting, it's not exciting. I try to make it exciting on the show, maybe you know, and once you get the result you realize how exciting it is. But we're talking nutrient quality, protein training. You know psychological aspects of behavior change, sleep management, stress, all that fun stuff, and it actually works. Those work right. You don't need tapeworms, thank God, and those things work All right.
Philip Pape: 21:25
So as we wrap up this journey through history, through 1920s diet culture, just think about the lens of history and how every generation thinks it has discovered the secret, the secret to easy weight loss. Right, the specifics always change, the methods change. The fundamentals are the same. That's what doesn't change Dr Lulu Hunt-Peters, who wrote the book. She got it right when she focused on energy balance and practical tracking. She got it way wrong when she ignored food quality and turned eating into a moral issue. The tobacco industry, I think, got it all wrong. Right, promoting cigarettes as a health aid. But they understood human psychology.
Philip Pape: 21:59
People want alternatives to restriction. It's just they provided a really awful alternative. The fad diet promoters, who still exist to this day. They always get it wrong because it's dangerous, it's a quick fix which has other negative side effects. But they also recognize people do want something simple and clear to understand. They don't want something too complex and confusing.
Philip Pape: 22:21
So that's where we come to full circle, here to wits and weights, where we have the knowledge to do better. Right, we can sure we can count calories when it's helpful, but we don't have to become obsessive. We can improve our body composition through strength training instead of some supplement or whatever. We can create sustainable habits, all of that stuff. But we can also simplify it at the same time and cut through there and give you the clarity of what to do next. Right, the goal is never to be perfect. It's never to find the one true thing or the one true diet. It's to build a sustainable nutrition approach and training approach that supports you, your health, your physique goals and, of course, your quality of life. So if you want to learn how to do that very clearly, to accelerate the results not a quick fix, but to accelerate efficiently how to go on that journey I'd love to help you in Wits and Weights Physique University.
Philip Pape: 23:11
That is not a quick fix program, I'm sorry to say. It is not a magic solution. It is not even a secret. Everything we do in there is talked about on this show. We just help apply it to you specifically to get it done and do it efficiently and get the result. For just $27 a month you will get what amounts to personalized, individualized nutrition planning, training, adjustments, live coaching, community accountability all of that stuff to take a nutrition plan and execute it and get the feedback as you get stuck along the way.
Philip Pape: 23:42
And if you join now, using the exclusive link in the show notes, I'm going to build your custom nutrition plan for free. That's normally an add-on, but I want to make it easier for you to get started and even further accelerate the process to doing what works. Go to the link in the show notes it's a special link in the show notes and join Physique University. Let's build something together that is sustainable for you. Let's stop chasing all the trends so that you can finally have the result and make it last. All right, until next time. Keep using your wits, lifting those weights and remember the best diet. Secrets aren't secrets at all. They are just fundamentals applied consistently over time. I'll talk to you next time here on the Wits and Weights Podcast.
